Metallic iron for environmental remediation: learning from electrocoagulation.

The interpretation of processes yielding aqueous contaminant removal in the presence of elemental iron (e.g. in Fe(0)/H(2)O systems) is subject to numerous complications. Reductive transformations by Fe(0) and its primary corrosion products (Fe(II) and H/H(2)) as well as adsorption onto and co-precipitation with secondary and tertiary iron corrosion products (iron hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and mixed valence Fe(II)/Fe(III) green rusts) are considered the main removal mechanisms on a case-to-case basis. Recent progress involving adsorption and co-precipitation as fundamental contaminant removal mechanisms have faced a certain scepticism. This work shows that results from electrocoagulation (EC), using iron as sacrificial electrode, support the adsorption/co-precipitation concept. It is reiterated that despite a century of commercial use of EC, the scientific understanding of the complex chemical and physical processes involved is still incomplete.